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<title>Ruth Chang</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ruth Chang</span></span>

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</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Ruth Chang</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="infobox-caption">Chang at the <a href="Edmond_J._Safra_Center_for_Ethics" class="mw-redirect" title="Edmond J. Safra Center for Ethics">Edmond J. Safra Center for Ethics</a> in 2016</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="Minneapolis" title="Minneapolis">Minneapolis</a>, <a href="Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Education</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Dartmouth_College" title="Dartmouth College">Dartmouth College</a> (<a href="Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">BA</a>)<br><a href="Harvard_Law_School" title="Harvard Law School">Harvard University</a> (<a href="Juris_Doctor" title="Juris Doctor">JD</a>)<br><a href="Balliol_College%2C_Oxford" title="Balliol College, Oxford">Balliol College, Oxford</a> (<a href="DPhil" class="mw-redirect" title="DPhil">DPhil</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Thesis" title="Thesis">Thesis</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:74dd9fa8-ad30-4652-b212-1f63985a3aa7/files/mb3cea0ffba4b88d88fee9d12b98544ff"><i>Incomparability and practical reason</i></a> (1997)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Philosophical work</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Era</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Contemporary_philosophy" title="Contemporary philosophy">Contemporary philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="List_of_schools_of_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of schools of philosophy">School</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Analytic_philosophy" title="Analytic philosophy">Analytic philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Balliol_College%2C_Oxford" title="Balliol College, Oxford">Balliol College, Oxford</a><br><a href="Rutgers_University" title="Rutgers University">Rutgers University</a><br><a href="University_College%2C_Oxford" title="University College, Oxford">University College, Oxford</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Main interests</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Normative_ethics" title="Normative ethics">Normative ethics</a>, <a href="Metaethics" title="Metaethics">metaethics</a>, <a href="Action_theory_(philosophy)" title="Action theory (philosophy)">action theory</a>, <a href="Moral_psychology" title="Moral psychology">moral psychology</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2">

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<p><b>Ruth Chang</b> is an American philosopher and legal scholar who serves as the <a href="Professor_of_Jurisprudence_(Oxford)" title="Professor of Jurisprudence (Oxford)">Professor and Chair of Jurisprudence</a> at the <a href="University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-law.ox.ac.uk_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-law.ox.ac.uk-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a Professorial Fellow of <a href="University_College%2C_Oxford" title="University College, Oxford">University College, Oxford</a>, and a professor of philosophy. She was previously a professor at <a href="Rutgers_University" title="Rutgers University">Rutgers University</a> from 1998 to 2019. She is known for her research on the incommensurability of values and on practical reason and normativity.<sup id="cite_ref-sep1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sep1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sep2_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sep2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She is also widely known for her work on decision-making and is lecturer or consultant on choice at institutions ranging from video-gaming to pharmaceuticals, the <a href="U.S._Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Navy">U.S. Navy</a>, <a href="World_Bank" class="mw-redirect" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>, and <a href="CIA" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA">CIA</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-TBT8a_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TBT8a-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-JZnc8_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JZnc8-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6uREW_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6uREW-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education_and_career">Education and career</h2></div>

<p>Chang was born in <a href="Minneapolis" title="Minneapolis">Minneapolis</a>, <a href="Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a>. She graduated from <a href="Dartmouth_College" title="Dartmouth College">Dartmouth College</a> in 1985 with a <a href="Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">Bachelor of Arts</a>, <a href="Latin_honors#United_States" title="Latin honors"><i>summa cum laude</i></a>, and from <a href="Harvard_Law_School" title="Harvard Law School">Harvard Law School</a> in 1988 with a <a href="Juris_Doctor" title="Juris Doctor">Juris Doctor</a>, <i>cum laude</i>. At the beginning of her graduate work at Oxford in 1991, she was appointed a <a href="Junior_research_fellow" class="mw-redirect" title="Junior research fellow">junior research fellow</a> at <a href="Balliol_College%2C_Oxford" title="Balliol College, Oxford">Balliol College, Oxford</a>, during which she also held visiting appointments at the <a href="UCLA" class="mw-redirect" title="UCLA">UCLA</a> philosophy department and the <a href="University_of_Chicago_Law_School" title="University of Chicago Law School">University of Chicago Law School</a> as well as lectureships at <a href="Magdalen_College%2C_Oxford" title="Magdalen College, Oxford">Magdalen College</a> and <a href="Worcester_College%2C_Oxford" title="Worcester College, Oxford">Worcester College, Oxford</a>. She received a <a href="Doctor_of_Philosophy" title="Doctor of Philosophy">Doctor of Philosophy</a> degree from Oxford in 1997. Prior to joining Oxford as the professor of jurisprudence in 2019, she was a professor of philosophy at <a href="Rutgers_University" title="Rutgers University">Rutgers University</a> in the United States.

</p><p>Chang was a <a href="Nicolas_Berggruen" title="Nicolas Berggruen">Nicolas Berggruen</a> Fellow at the <a href="Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a> <a href="Center_for_Advanced_Study_in_the_Behavioral_Sciences" title="Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences">Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CjJA0_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CjJA0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and has received a number of fellowship awards including at the <a href="National_Humanities_Center" title="National Humanities Center">National Humanities Center</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-nhc_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nhc-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="Edmond_J._Safra_Center_for_Ethics" class="mw-redirect" title="Edmond J. Safra Center for Ethics">Harvard University Edmond J. Safra Center for Ethics</a> at the <a href="Kennedy_School_of_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Kennedy School of Government">Kennedy School of Government</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-harvard_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harvard-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Princeton University Center for Human Values,<sup id="cite_ref-mvAJI_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mvAJI-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="American_Council_of_Learned_Societies" title="American Council of Learned Societies">American Council of Learned Societies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CKR_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CKR-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was a Scot's Centenary Fellow in Scotland, which involved a lecture tour around Scotland.<sup id="cite_ref-Dq3mh_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dq3mh-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her work has been recognized by a National Endowment for the Humanities Public Scholar Award and an American Philosophical Association Op-ed Prize.<sup id="cite_ref-AOw8G_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AOw8G-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was elected a Fellow of the <a href="American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a> in April 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-whkAQ_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whkAQ-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Philosophical_work">Philosophical work</h2></div>

<p>Chang's principal research interests lie in normative ethics, metaethics, action theory and moral psychology. Her work focuses on practical conflict, the nature of reasons and values and their relations, and rational agency. She is known for arguing that the structure of value is not what is commonly assumed: like space and time, which is not structured as we think it is, the normative and evaluative realm is not structured as we think it is. In particular, she is known for arguing that two items which are neither better nor worse than one another and yet not equally good may nevertheless be comparable: they may be 'on a par'.<sup id="cite_ref-newapps_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newapps-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sep1_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sep1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If correct, her view has wide-ranging implications for axiology, normative theory, decision theory, economic choice theory, and rationality. Her work also develops a view of rational agency, 'hybrid voluntarism', according to which rational agents are not merely discoverers of reasons but creators of them through the activity of commitment.<sup id="cite_ref-ca_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ca-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She has also written on value pluralism and social choice. She has given various public lectures on decision-making, love, and commitment.

</p><p>Chang is the author of <i>Making Comparisons Count,</i> and the editor of the first volume on the topic of incommensurability of values in the Anglo-American world, <i>Incommensurability, Incomparability, and Practical Reason</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-z6Wrn_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-z6Wrn-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and has authored articles and book chapters.

</p><p>Ruth Chang is also widely known for her work on 'hard choices' and decision-making, and her research has been the subject of radio, newspaper, and magazine articles.<sup id="cite_ref-DKPgK_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DKPgK-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Selected_works">Selected works</h2></div>

<ul><li><i>Incommensurability, Incomparability and Practical Reason</i> (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1997) <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">

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</style><a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0674447561</bdi></li>

<li><i>Making Comparisons Count</i> (New York: Routledge, 2001), Studies in Ethics, series editor, <a href="Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Robert Nozick</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0815337829</bdi></li>

<li>"The Possibility of Parity" 112 <i>Ethics</i> July 2002, pp. 659–88.</li>

<li>"All Things Considered" 18 <i>Philosophical Perspectives</i>, December 2004, pp. 1–22</li>

<li>"Voluntarist Reasons and the Sources of Normativity", <i>Reasons for Action</i> eds., Sobel and Wall, (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009), pp. 243–71</li>

<li>"Commitments, Reasons, and the Will", in Shafer-Landau, ed., <i>Oxford Studies in Metaethics</i>, vol. 8, 2013</li>

<li>"Grounding Practical Normativity: Going Hybrid", <i>Philosophical Studies</i>, 2013</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ted.com/speakers/ruth_chang">Ruth Chang</a> at <a href="TED_(conference)" title="TED (conference)">TED</a> </li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ruthchang.net/">Ruth Chang website</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.philosophy.rutgers.edu/people/faculty/589-ruth-chang">Ruth Chang home page</a> at Rutgers</li></ul>

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